|
Digital badges are a validated indicator of accomplishment, skill, quality or interest that can be earned in various learning environments.〔"A Future Full of Badges," The Chronicle of Higher Education, http://chronicle.com/article/A-Future-Full-of-Badges/131455/〕 == Origin and development == Traditional physical badges have been used for many years by various organizations such as the Russian Army〔Badges and decorations of the Soviet Union〕 and the Boy Scouts of America to give members a physical emblem to display the accomplishment of various achievements. While physical badges have been in use for hundreds of years, the idea of digital badges is a relatively recent development drawn from research into gamification. As game elements, badges have been used by organizations such as Foursquare and Huffington Post to reward users for accomplishing certain tasks.〔 .〕 In 2005, Microsoft introduced the Xbox 360 Gamerscore system, which is considered to be the original implementation of an achievement system. In 2007, Eva Baker, the President of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), gave the Presidential Address at their annual conference on the need to develop merit-badge-like “Qualifications” that certify accomplishments, not through standardized tests, but as “an integrated experience with performance requirements.” Such a system would apply to learning both in and out of school and support youth to develop and pursue passionate interests. Baker envisioned youth assembling "their unique Qualifications to show to their families, to adults in university and workforce, and to themselves." Ultimately, Baker believed “the path of Qualifications shifts attention from schoolwork to usable and compelling skills, from school life to real life."〔2007 AERA Presidential Address, http://edr.sagepub.com/content/36/6/309.abstract, accessed on 3/15/2013〕 The use of digital badges as credentials remained largely under the radar until 2011, following the release of “An Open Badge System Framework,” a white paper authored by Peer 2 Peer University and The Mozilla Foundation. In the paper, badges are explained as “a symbol or indicator of an accomplishment, skill, quality or interest,” with examples of badge systems used by the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, PADI diving instruction, and the more recently popular geo-locative games, like Foursquare. The report asserts that badges “have been successfully used to set goals, motivate behaviors, represent achievements and communicate success in many contexts” and proposes that when learning happens across various contexts and experiences, “badges can have a significant impact, and can be used to motivate learning, signify community and signal achievement.” The report also makes clear that the value of badges comes less from its visual representation than from the context around how and why it was conferred. The stronger the connection between the two, the more effective the badging system will be. “Badges are conversation starters,” the report explains, “and the information linked to or 'behind' each badge serves as justification and even validation of the badge.” For example, a badge should include information about how it was earned, who issued it, the date of issue, and, ideally, a link back to some form of artifact relating to the work behind the badge. In early 2010, the digital badge service provider Basno launched a platform that allowed users to create and collect badges that represent real-world accomplishments like running the 2011 ING New York City Marathon.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Basno Awards Virtual Badges for NYC Marathon Finishers )〕 The effort marked a strong shift from viewing badges as game-like elements to creating badges to certify learning. Many instructional sites such as P2PU and Khan Academy make use of a digital badging system. Later in 2011, the Mozilla Foundation announced their intention to develop the Mozilla Open Badges so as to provide a common system for the issuance, collection, and display of digital badges on multiple instructional sites.〔 In September 2011, Secretary of Education Arne Duncan, announced the launch of the HASTAC/MacArthur Foundation Badges for Lifelong Learning Competition.〔"Credentials, the Next Generation" New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/06/education/edlife/credentials-the-next-generation.html?_r=4&〕 According to Arne Duncan, badges “can help engage students in learning and broaden the avenues for all learners or all ages, to acquire and to demonstrate as well as document and display their skills. Badges can help speed the shift from credentials that simply measure seat time to ones that more accurately measure competency, and we must do everything we can to accelerate that transition. It can also help to account for both formal and informal learning and in a variety of different settings.”〔DML Competition event transcript, http://dmlcompetition.net/Competition/4/opening-event-transcript.php, accessed 3/15/2013〕 Funded by the MacArthur Foundation, with additional support from the Gates Foundation, HASTAC administers the Badges for Lifelong Learning Competition, which awarded funds to thirty organizations in March 2012.〔http://dmlcompetition.net/media/4/BadgesforLifelongLearningAnnouncement.pdf〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Digital badge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|